Controlling Management function..

 Controlling...

                       

Controlling..

Controlling is most important function of management.In this function Target results are compared with actual results,it helps in measuring the performance towards achieving organisational goals and highlight the deviations and then take corrective action.In this function check the performance or progress in achieving goal if there is any deviation manager control their actions.

           In order to achieve planned results from the subordinates manager control over the activities of the subordinates.Controlling also ensures that resources of organization are being used efficiently and effectively.

                    Thus Controlling is...

1) Goal Oriented Activity

2) It ensures activities perfom according to our plans.

3)It ensures resources are fully utilised.

4)It evaluates the performance.

5)It helps in find deviation in performance or progress.

6)It helps in future planning.

Steps of Controlling...

a) Establishing standard-First and foremost step is set up target which we want to achieve to meet organisational goals, standard are fixed in qualitative and quantitative terms,in qualitative terms standard are fixed of quality and in quantity.

b) Measuring of actual performance-Next step of controlling is measuring actual performance it means how much we get our target . Manager measures the Performance of every department of organization.

c) Comparison between actual results and standard results-In this step controlling manager compare actual results with standard results ,it means whether we succeed in achieving our target or not,there is any fault in actual quality , quantity etc.

d) Taking corrective action-After doing comparison between standard results and actual results,if there is any deviation manager takes corrective action means makes plan for future improvement.If there is any deviation in quantity of product manager makes improvement by making plan.

Relationship between Planning and Controlling...

Although Planning and Controlling are two different functions but they are closely related with each other.Without planning controlling has no use because first we make standard in planning function and then we make comparisons between standard results and actual results in controlling function.If there is no planning there is no destination ,then controlling function cannot works.

          Thus, planning and Controlling are interrelated function goals of organization are set in planning and performance measure in Controlling, means success and failure decide in controlling but base of measure is set in planning, Planning and Controlling are interdependent on each other.

Controlling measure Performance.

Communication and 7'C of Communication

Communication

"Communication is the act of sharing or exchange information &ideas, feelings."

        Communication is the method to send message from one person to another.Communication is transfer information, emotions and ideas through voice,gestures expression, symbols.Communication involves one sender ,a message and a recipient.

     Thus, Communication means send message in verbal and non verbal.In communication there must be sender,receiver and communication channel .   

Features of Communication...

1) Communication is necessary-communication is as necessary as blood in our life communication is very vital in every field whether it is professional & personal and social life.

2) Pervasive-communication is pervasive because communication is formed in each and every field whether it is social political professional communication is performed in everywhere that's why communication is pervasive.

3) Continous Activity-communication is continuous process because it is continuously running first communication starts with sender he encoding the idea and then he sending it to receiver with the medium of communication after then receiver encoded the message and extract information from it and understand the message and send feedback to sender this process is continous running. 

                        

                      7'C of Communication...

   '7' C of Communication...

1) Complete-Message must be complete it contains all the facts which are required by audience if message is complete it helps in taking decision .Message must be full in such a way that it leaves no question in receiver mind and it not includes a unnecessary words there is answer of who, what ,when ,where ,how and why.

2) Concise-Concise means short possible words. In communication message should be concise means it is in short possible words but it doesn't mean that it will provide less information but in this C of Communication means it does not involve unnecessary words but written in short simple way and avoid needless words and provide essential message .In this C of Communication instead of written long message we use single word but meaning is same for eg.-

3)Clear-In this  'C' of  Communication means clear .If message is clear receivers understand and can taken decision easily.Clarity in message means that it clarify the ideas of sender.

4) Correct-Message must be correct.There is no error in message.If there is any error in message receiver cannot understand message properly.

5) Courteous-Courtesy is the respect that we show to others . Message should be polite,sincere, enthusiastic and reflective.It means we should include courteous words in message for eg- thank you, Excuse me,Yes sir.

6) Consideration- In this C of Communication we should take consideration the reciever problems, emotions education level before we convey our message.It means it cannot hurt audience self respect & emotions,words must be suit the needs of receiver.

7) Concreteness-In this C of Communication means our message should be clear it means it is up to the point and supported with facts and figures.So it brings confidence and easily understandable.

Communication Network techniques

Communication Network means pattern of communication which exists in organisation, pattern of communication depends upon need of organisation & attitude of superior towards subordinates.

1) Chain Network- Chain Network communication is one in which communication flow in a vertical line.It is usually two way communication.In this network communication flow from top to bottom and bottom to top in vertical line.In this network one cannot directly contact with other.

                     

Chain Network

2) Circular Network-Circular Network is that network in which communication flow in a circular way.In this network communication pass through immediate right or left person not any other person.According to figure A can communicate with B and E not C.B can communicate with C and A.etc.In this network communication flow in circular form.

                

Circular Network

3)Wheel Network or Star Network-Wheel or Star Network is that network in which organisation do not communicate directly.they communicate with one superior or manager, Manager act as a central hub of the wheel.for eg- D can  communicate with B with the help of central hub they can not communicate directly ,A can communicate with C with the help of central hub (manager or supperier)..

                

Wheel or Star Network.

4) Free Flow or decentralised Network-In this network communication flow freely,there is no        restriction on the flow of communication.Members can communicate any other member freely.This is informal Network which not flow in formal lines .

Formal &Informal Communication 

Formal Communication
Formal Communication is that communication Network in which communication flow in formally established channels.In formal Communication communication travels in lines of authority like top to bottom & bottom to top.it is established by the Management and whole organisation must follow this formal chain in communication.

Informal Communication

Informal Communication
 Communication is that communication network which is not flow in formally established lines .it is not regulated by the formal rules and procedures.it is flow in any direction it is not establish by management.it is establish by the nature of people to socialise and communicate with others like Grapevine

Financial Planning

Financial Planning...

Financial planning is deciding in advance how much capital should be required to run business and attaining goals.financial planning is the process of estimating the capital required and from where we get capital amount.

         in Financial Planning, we deciding in advance how much total fund is required in future for run business in financial planning these points are taken considered in advance.

               

Financial Planning

🖋️ Determine Capital requirement-In financial planning first we determine how much capital is required in business it is depend upon level of business if our business is high level so we required large amount of capital otherwise we required small amount of capital.

🖋️determine capital structure after determine how much capital required in future we have to determine the capital structure it means what is the composition of the capital structure in the business it means we make a plan of debt and equity means how much amount of own capital we invest and how much amount of debt we should taken in future.

🖋️determine financial policies after making capital structure we have to make financial policies regarding sales borrowings and lending and how much salary we have to pay to employees how much bonus should be paid these all  policies considered in financial planning.

         Thus financial planning is a process of making objective ,policies, procedures,programme and budget of financial activities to attain business goal efficiently and effectively.

    Importance of financial planning..

✏️ Availability of adequate funds-financial planning helps in availability of adequate funds at the time of requirement because in financial planning we  decided in advance how much capital should be required in future.

✏️ Reduce uncertainty-financial planning reduce uncertainty because in financial planning we already plan what will be market changes and what's the market trend in future so we can face easily through our funds.

✏️financial planning helps in making growth and expansion program which helps in growth of Business and stand in competition because we already make arrangements of funds for growth of business.

✏️ Financial planning helps in managing inflation because we already make a plan of market situation what will be the market situation in future that's why we already manage inflation.

✏️ Financial planning helps in maximum utilisation of financial resources.

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Business Environment

Business Environment...
                      

Business environment includes all the external factors and forces which have a certain degree of impact on the business actions and strategies of the firm.Success of every business is depend on its environment.Business are expected to identify, appraise and respond to all the threads and opportunities in their environment.To get success and survive a business must constantly monitor its environment and adapt to it.

Dimensions of Business Environment..

1) Economic environment-It consists of gross domestic product, income at National level ,per capita income ,profit earning rate ,monetary policy ,fiscal policy etc.
           

Business environment

2) Social Environment-It consists of the customs and traditions of the society in which business is existing.It includes taste, preferences, standard of living etc

3) Political Environment-It consists of all the factors of the Government affairs such as type of Government affairs such as type of Government,power,tax system, subsidies etc

4) Legal Environment-It consists of Laws and legislation passed in the parliament like Trade Mark Act ,Essential Commodity Act,Weights and Measures Act etc.

5) Technological Environment-It refers to change taking place in the method of production, use of equipments and the quality of product.

Indifference Curve

Indifference Curve..

An indifference Curve shows the various combinations of two commodities which gives equal satisfaction and utility to the consumer.Consumer remains indifferent between all the combinations because all the combination give him equal satisfaction.

  Indifference schedule and indifference curve..

               

Indifference Curve figure...

According to the figure in ox axis x commodity is shown and in oy axis Y commodity is shown Ram purchase only 1unit of x commodity and purchase 15 units of Y commodity after then he increase the purchase of x units upto 2 units so he give up 5 units of Y because his level of satisfaction remains unchanged whatever combination he choose,again he increase x units by 1 more unit he have to give up Y commodity by 2more ..due to limited resources he cannot able to purchase both the commodity,to increase x commodity he have to give up Y unit.Consumer remains indifferent between all the combinations because all of these combinations give same satisfaction and utility to the consumer.

Indifference Map

When many indifference curves are shown in one figure is called Indifference Map.

In indifference Map every indifference Curve shows the various combinations of two commodities which gives equal satisfaction and utility to the consumer.In Indifference Map higher indifference Curve gives higher satisfaction that's why consumer prefer combinations of higher indifference Curve because in this combination consumer gets higher satisfaction and utility .for eg in fig of Indifference Map the curve IC1gives higher satisfaction and utility compare to IC2and IC3 and second highest satisfaction gets in IC2 curve and third is IC3..

             

Elasticity of Demand

Elasticity of Demand means change in demand due to change in variable factors in which demand depends like change in price,change in income,change in price of substitute or complementary goods .So,the changes in demand is known as Elasticity of demand.Changes in demand is depends on many factors,these are if the demand change due to change in price of product is called Price Elasticity of demand, because changes comes in product due to change in it's price.

Income Elasticity-If the changes in demand comes due to change in  income is called income elasticity of demand.

          Price Elasticity..

When the demand of product is changes due to change in its price is called Price Elasticity of Demand it is calculated as..

Price Elasticity of Demand=

              %change in quantity demanded

                                   %change in price

    Degrees of Price Elasticity of Demand..

1) Perfectly Inelastic Demand Ed=0--When the demand for the product does not change as per price changes is called Perfectly Inelastic Demand.

  

 

According to fig in ox axis price of product is shown and in oy axis quantity demanded is shown when the price rise from op to op1 but quantity demanded is does not change whether price increase or decrease that is called perfectly Inelastic Demand , products like food,water, medicine,salt have Perfectly Inelastic Demand because these are necessary for life so their demand is not change although prices are changes.

2) Unitary Elastic Demand ed=1-When %change quantity demanded is equal to %change in price of product is called Unitary Elastic demand.

According to fig.In ox axis quantity demanded is shown and oy axis price is shown when the price rise from op to op1 quantity demanded is also increase from oq to oq1 .In Unitary Elastic demand quantity demanded is also increase in same proportion as the price is increases.Suppose price of product is increase by 10% , quantity demanded is also increase by 10%. 

3)  Perfectly Elastic demand-In this case there is no change or minor change in price leads to very much rise or fall in quantity demanded.

According to fig price of product op at that price demand rise from oq to oq1  it is said that demand is perfectly Elastic because minor change or no change in price leads very much change in price ..

4) Highly Elastic demand-Where the demand is very much change than it's price,that is highly Elastic demand.

According to fig when price rise from op to op1 quantity demanded rises from oq to oq1 there is very much change in demand that is why it is called highly Elastic demand.

5) Highly Inelastic Demand-When the price of product is very much change but there is little change quantity demanded that is called highly Inelastic Demand.inelastic means no.change or little change.

According to fig when price rise from op to op1 then quantity demanded rise from oq to oq1  there is little change in demand compare to price that is why it is called highly Inelastic Demand.

    

Management by Exception

Management By Exception...

Management by Exception propounded by F.W.Taylor.According to this principle,that everySuperior should set their organisational plan and plan for every subordinates and delegate the authority to perform their work and attain goals.Superior should not be interfere in their work if they work according to plans and within the scope of authority.Superior only interfere when the exceptional situation arises or subordinates not able to control the situation or their is any deviation between in Target results and actual results,that is why it is known as Management by Exception..

                 

Assumptions:-

I)  Managers delegate the authority to their subordinates.

ii)Managers set up the Performance standard.

III)Fix the scope of authority.

iv)Managers interfere when exceptional situation arises.

Advantages of Management by Exception:-

a)It save time and efforts because manager only interfere in exceptional situations.

b) Superior can pay more attention on exceptional matters.

c)It focus on standards which are set by management.

d)It reduce the chances of deviations.

e) Freedom to do their routine activities.

f) Subordinates motivate by giving freedom to perform routine activities without interfere.

Disadvantages of Management By Exception..

1)It requires clear establishment of Performance standards but it is difficult to set.

2)It requires clear reporting system so that report of subordinates Performance delivered to superiors.

3)It is difficult to measure and evaluate the performance of subordinates.

4)It requires delegation of authority without it ,this principle can not work.

5)By delegating authority to subordinates ,they misuse their authority.

Management by Objectives...

Principles of Management