E-commerce Business...

              

E-commerce...

Commerce means buying and selling of goods and services between buyer and seller, Trading of goods and services is commerce.E-means electronic when goods and services are buying and selling with the use of electronic internet is called E-commerce.The work which before we perform manually that's work now perform with the help of internet .

"Buying and selling of goods and services electronically is called E -Commerce."Through E-commerce we can buy and sell products any time from any country.Now there is no time bound or country bound in E-commerce,we can purchase goods from any part of the world 🌎.It is paperless exchange E-payment use in E-commerce.Consumer find their products of choice in internet . Through E-commerce we make choice between different products and immediately place order of purchase and order is received within few days.So E -Commerce makes trading easy & immediately.😊.          

                    

E-commerce..

Types of E-Commerce business...

1) Business 2 Business (B2B) Commerce- When two business entities doing purchase and sale of goods and services through internet is called B2B commerce.In B2B commerce businessman sale goods and services to next businessman,who purchase goods from first businessman not for sale to consumer but added a value and again sale it to another businessman .For example-Plain suit materials are sale to another businessman to make embroidery work the business between these two is called B2B commerce.Another example when Manufacturers sale goods to wholesalers and retailers is called B2B commerce because they not sell their goods to final consumers,like Trade India ,India Mart ,Just dial etc are examples of B2B commerce.

2) Business 2 Consumer (B2C)-When goods and services are directly sell to consumer is called Business 2 Consumer.When producer or retailers directly sale goods to Consumers is called B2C E-commerce.For Example-Zomato,Myntra, flipkart etc ,these sale goods to Consumers directly.

3) Consumer 2Consumer(C2C)-In this type of commerce buying and selling tractions are perform between consumers .One consumer sale or purchase goods and services from another consumer.For Example In  OLX App consumers can sell their old products like mobile, Refrigerator,Tv etc and the consumer who want to purchase they contact each other in OLX  .that is called C2C E-commerce.

4) Government 2Consumer (G2C)-In this model Government provides goods and services to customers.Goverment provide facilities through information of Government departments in their website ,we can see the information by going to their website and we come to know the various welfare programmes of Government towards his citizens of India like if consumer want to make driving licence,adhar card,PAN card  marriage certificate,death certificate etc consumer had to fill application form in requisit website .

5) Consumer 2Government- When consumer pay electricity bill,taxes etc to the government through the government websites they use Consumer 2Government E-commerce.

6) Consumer 2Business-When consumer sell his goods or give services to the business is Consumer 2business E-commerce.In this type. consumer sell his hand made goods to businesses for further sale or give some services like data entry , article writing etc Freelancing,Fiverr are website through which consumer gives services to businesses.

7) Business 2 Government-When commerce is in  between the business and government is B2G E-commerce.In this type businessmen Fill TDS for , apply for license ,file reports to the government.

Advantages of E-commerce business..

1) Buying and selling transactions perform fastly.

2) We can find products of our choice easily in internet.

3) We can purchase goods at any time.

4) We can purchase goods from any part of the world 🌎.There is no geographical restrictions in E-commerce.

5) Operation cost is very low, because for E -Commerce business we not need to set premises for buying and selling,so operation cost is very low.

Disadvantages of E-commerce business...

1) We cannot examine products personally.

2)Depend upon internet ,if there is network problem so business cannot be run.

3) Everybody cannot understand the E-Commerce business.

4) Risk of possibility of leakage of credit card number or details.

5)Many companies cannot give product return back facility.

6) Mechanical failure can cause not run E-commerce business properly.

E-COMMERCE comprises of buying and selling of goods and services are...👇

1)   Online buying and selling.

2) Online  hotel booking.

3) Online cinema ticket booking.

4) Online banking.

5) Social Networking.

E -Business..

When the whole processes of business perform over the electronic network that is known as E-business. E-commerce is perform only buying and selling of goods and services but E- Buisness not only includes E-commerce but also various business activities . E-business is broader than E-commerce.E-Business scope is wider than E-commerce.In E-business every activity start with internet and also ends with the internet.

How E-business works...

For doing business over internet ,it is necessary that computers are interconnected with network .

In E-business manufacturers give information about their products to various wholesalers and retailers,distributors with the internet, they give advertisement of their products in internet through their website . Retailers and wholesalers give order to the manufacturer through their website and then payment also paid through the E-payment.Retailors also give advertisement of their products in internet consumer give order for the product through internet and gives payment through E-payment.In E -Business business men applies for loan to the bank through the banks website and give necessary details over the computer .

Types of E-business...

1) Pure Play- Those companies who perform their business only online mode is called pure play E-business.

2) Brick and Click- Those companies who perform their business online and offline mode is called Brick and click E-business.

Advantages of E-Business...

a) E-business works on 24/7 ..

b) Not much labour is required.

c)Save time and money due online execution of functions.

d)Cost and time decreases.

e)Quick and easier communication.

f) Purchase goods from any part of the world 🌎.

g)Goods advertise easily .

Job Enlargement &Job Enrichment..

      Doing continously same job in a company employees become boredom and monotonous and it leads to increase in   labour turnover and also employees are unhappy and demotivated .So in order to remove boredom and monotonous among employees towards their job manager follow these two techniques these are:-

1) Job Enlargement

2)Job Enrichment.

                         

                    

Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment.

Job Enlargement...

Job Enlargement means increase the tasks of same type which requires same skill.In job enlargement responsibility also increases but the level of position is remains same .It is the technique of making job interesting and reduce boredom of employees towards work .In job Enlargement various other tasks of same type is given to employees ,it means horizontal expansion of job,it increase the responsibility of employees because before he had to finish one tasks but after job Enlargement he had to complete various tasks of same type .

For example:-Employee A working in Accountant work in production department now he assigned for accounts works in sales and marketing department his job is enlarged .

              

Job Enlargement

Points to be noted 📝📝..

* Additional tasks of same type is added in job .

*Responsibility is increased.

*Level of position is remains same.

*No extra skills is required.

*Horizontal expansion of job.

*It is a technique of making job interesting.

*It helps in reducing boredom of employees towards his job.

Advantages of  Job Enlargement...

1) Diversification in Job-Various tasts are added in job so their is diversification in job.

2) Reduce boredom- By adding additional tasks in job employees cannot be bored so it reduces boredom .

3) Satisfaction and Happy- By adding variety of tasks in job ,employees are satisfied and happy.

4) Complete Freedom- Employees have full freedom in job enlargement to perform various tasks according to their own .

5) Increase Productivity- By assign various tasks to employees , employees are very happy and satisfied so the productivity of production is increases.

6)Cost Reduce-When the productivity is increases cost is reduce.

7) Moral increases-By job Enlargement morale of employees is increases because employees are satisfied and happy so ultimately moral is increases.

Disadvantages of Job Enlargement...

1) Not all the jobs can be enlarged.

2)All the employees cannot be happy by job Enlargement.

3) Responsibility increases.

4) Position level is remains same.

5) Overburden of Work.

6) Stress among employees due to more work.

Job Enrichment..

Job Enrichment means where different tasks or responsibilities assign to employees which requires more skills.In job Enrichment job becomes more challenging ,it increase the position of employees,it motivates the employees.It enhance the quality of employee .it is vertical increase in job by giving more responsible job of high level .In Job Enrichment variety of tasks are given to employee which requires higher skills. Job Enrichment leads a personal growth of employees.For Example:-A is clerk in bank after job Enrichment he assign the job of Probationary officer ,he requires higher skills to perform duties of Probationary officer,he is highly motivated,his job becomes more challenging.

          

Job Enrichment..

Points to be noted...

📝 Variety of tasks is assigned to employee.

📝 Requires higher skills & knowledge.

📝 Position level is increase.

📝Job Enrichment leads to personal growth.

📝 Employees are highly motivated.

📝Job becomes challenging.

📝It is vertical expansion of job.

Advantages of Job Enrichment...

1) Reduce boredom and monotonous of employees towards his job.

2) Position level is increased.

3) Employees are highly motivated.

4)Job Enrichment results are always positive.

5) Employees skills are increased 

6) Employees become more responsible.

7) Employees morale increases due to high position.

8)Reduce in absenteeism, labour turnover.

Disadvantages of Job Enrichment...

1) Overburden of Work .

2)Extra skill is required.

3)Lack of knowledge of new job.

4) Responsibilities increases.

5)Frastration in Employee.

6) Employees become demotivate due to Overburden of Work.

7) Absenteeism, labour turnover is increases due to more work.

How can Job be Enriched?

Job can be Enriched in these ways...

1)Job can be Enriched by giving work of higher level. 

2)Job can be Enriched by giving new skills and knowledge.

3) Job can be Enriched by upgrade the position of employees.

4)Job can be Enriched by giving more responsibility and power .

5)Job can be Enriched by giving different tasks to employees.

Thus,Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment both are the techniques used to make job interesting reduce boredom and monotonous among employees towards his job but all the employees can not be happy they  become frustrated due to heavy work load and demotivate towards his job, because all the employees are not same, some employees like challenging job ,high position ,more work etc but some employees not like challenging job , heavy work load they only want to complete their previously assigned work they don't like change.

Difference between Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment...

a) Job Enlargement is assigning extra tasks and duties to employees.

a)Job Enrichment is assigning tasks of higher level 

b) In Job Enlargement extra skills is not required.

b)In Job Enrichment extra skills and knowledge is required.

c) Job Enlargement is horizontal expansion of job.

c)Job Enrichment is vertical expansion of job.

d)In Job Enlargement position level is not change.

d) In Job Enrichment position level is change.

e) Job Enlargement various tasks of same type is given to employees.

e)In Job Enrichment various tasks of higher skills and knowledge is given to employees.

f)In Job Enlargement authority is not given to employees.

f) In Job Enrichment authority is also given to employees.

.

Manpower Planning...

What is Manpower Planning?

 Manpower Planning is also known as human resource planning.Manpower planning is a planning of man (human resources) required in future.Manpower planning is a process in which quality and quantity of manpower required in future.

Manpower Planning is planning in advance how much manpower will required in future and what will be their skill is decided.Manpower planning is also known as personnel planning,human resource planning.

Manpower planning is a process of forecasting the organisation future needs for human resources so that human resources available at right time at right place when they are needed.

                  

Manpower Planning

Manpower Planning is compulsory for?

Manpower is very important resource for every  organisation.Whether it is profitable organisation or non -profit organisation.Without this resource no other resource can work .No organization can imagine without manpower.In every field like education, business, social services,banking ,politics we need manpower because without this no one can run .it is compulsory in every field, every organisation run with manpower skill, ability (mental , physical) .this is most important resource of organization .

Manpower Planning in education?

Manpower Planning is perform in every field (education, business, hospital, social service, banking )etc .In education field we first decide how much teachers required and what should be their eligibility.This planning is perform according to their educational institution it means whether that institution for primary & secondary level or for college level after decide this we make planning how many teachers we want and what's his qualification and teaching experience .After fix that criteria we make planning how much we require in future according to their development and expansion plans . Manpower Planning is perform in order to make balance between over manpower and under manpower because both the conditions is not good for any type of organization.

Objective of Manpower Planning...

👭 To determine the exact quality & quantity of human resources will require in future.

👭There is no shortage & excess of human resources in future.

👭 Manpower is available at right time.

👭To anticipate the manpower for execute future expansion plans.

👭To improve the knowledge, skills ability of manpower according to organisation needs.

👭To use human resources efficiently and effectively.

Manpower Planning consider the following questions...

1)How much number of employees of staff does organisation have?

2) How much number of employees of staff organisation will require in future?

3)What are the skills we need in employees?

4)What are the future programs for organisation development and what type of skills are need in employees?

5)How can we keep our efficient employees for future?

What are the components of Manpower Planning?

🌟 Recruitment-Recruitment is the process of searching employees with required skills and qualification and attract them to apply for job.

               In Manpower Planning manager make planning that what are qualities & skills  in employees will require in future,after this recruitment process start , according to manpower Planning advertisement of recruitment of required skills and qualification is done.

🌟 Selection-After forecast the required skills and qualification selection process is done .In selection employees is selected who apply for job with skills and qualification.Selection is done on the basis of various tests & interviews.

🌟 Placement-After selection placement process start employees place in a suitable job .

        In Manpower Planning we come to know the vacant seats and future expansion plans.Placement is perform according to manpower Planning.

🌟 Training & Development-In Manpower Planning we forecast the require skills and training in future according to organisation development plans according to that planning training and development programme is run.

Organisational Change..

What is Organisational Change?

Change is to modify in present condition due to situations or environment.

                

Organisation change.

Organisational Change is change in organisation due to its environment.Change is very important & compulsory for every organisation.Change is inseparable in the life of organisation because in today's business are fastly changing due to its internal and external environment.Evey organisation should change his organisation according to its environment.Because today every organisation facing dynamic and changing business environment,there is no other alternative except to change his organisation.Organisation which cope up according to his changing environment get success and reach the top .

Internal factors affects changes due to following reasons:-

1)Due to change in his personnel brings changes in organisation like promotion,transfer, retirement, resignation.

2) Change in management also brings changes in organisation ,new management make change in policies, rules, working methods.

3) Organisation change also takes place due to change in work in nature.

4) Organisation change also takes place when demand of changes arises within organisation.

External Factors affects changes due to these reasons:-

External Factors are those factors which directly and indirectly affects the working of business.So every organisation continuously analysis the environment and make changes according to it .

1) Political & Legal  environment-Political environment leads necessary change in organisation.Political party in power affect the business system.Business laws, industrial, economic and corporate laws made and amended by the Government time to time, according to that laws organisations also makes changes in its behaviour and business policies.

2) Technological environment-Today revolutionary changes takes place in technology.Modern technology use of new techniques makes work easy in organisation.

3) Economic Environment-Economic Environment also brings changes in organisation.Inflation , deflation, recession,boom brings changes in cost of materials, infrastructure facilities.

4) Social and Cultural conditions-Social and cultural brings changes in organisation like social values,customs , tradition, festivals, living standard etc affects organisation.

Changes are two types:-

1) Proactive change-when changes takes place by the management at its own choice to improve a situation is called proactive change.

2) Reactive change- When organisation is change due to force by external environment is called reactive change.

   

Nature of Organisational Change..

😊 Organisational change is planned & intended.

😊 Organisational change occurs due to change in internal and external Factors in which organization run.

😊 Change is not an event it is a never ending process 

😊 Change is takes place in all the organization whether it is large or small.

😊 No organization can get success without make changes in organisation.

😊 Change is directive and participative, because plan for making change is done by top management and then they give directions to lower management so it is directive and then lower management work on it or take participation for makes changes so it is participative .

😊 Changes increase the efficiency of organization and they win the competition .

Process of Planned change..

In business we can get success when every work is performed in planned and systematic way .So Change is also performed in planned way .For makes changes every manager had to perform these functions and then follow the change process..

1)First manager had to see what are changes takes place in our products in market .

2)What the consumer like to buy his tastes, preferences,income level etc.

3)How much we should make changes in our products.

4) Available work force for making changes in product.

Process of Planned change..

1) Identify the forces of demanding change-The first & foremost step is to identify the forces which demand for the change.Forces are internal or external.Internal forces includes workers skill, demanding high salary,strike, labour problems cost of inputs etc demand for change in the organisation.

External Factors like Government policies,rules,lauching new technology,new product,tax policies, social customs, tradition, festivals living standard,labour laws etc  

2) Identify the need of change within organisation-Second step is to identify the need of change within the organisation,it means identify the which things are required to be changed compulsory and which changes can be avoided.for this purpose manager consult the external consultant.

3) Recognising the problem-Next step is to diagnose the problem within organisation carefully.For this purpose data is collected and reason behind the problem and also problem solve measures also taken into consideration,it means what changes can solve the problem for eg problem is product sale decrease so that manager see the new product fashion run in the market so manager also make changes and decide to make product accordingly.

4) Planning the change-After make sure to change in the organisation he make plan for change for this purpose he make changes in organisation structure , authority, responsibility etc ,change in job qualifications,job training,job specification etc ..

5) Implement the Plan - After making plan for change manager implement the plan for change.For implementation the change plan manager has to pass through these stages..

1) Unfreeezing-Nobody like changes ,so for making changes in organisation manager has to motivate the employees for changes  and prepare them for it ,So they willing and ready and accepting change.

2) Changing and moving-After prepare them for change plan is implement .After that changing and moving process begins it means manager give training to learn new pattern of behavior or experience for change for eg -New technology, methods etc.After giving training reward and punishment strategy is followed it means worker who work efficiently get reward otherwise get punishment.

6) Review and Feedback- After implement the change plan manager review the performance after change it means how much change is profitable for organisation . whether change in organisation is effective or not , whether it maximise profits or not then corrective actions is taken .

Points to be noted...

⭐ Organisation that learn and cope up with the changes in Environment will get success and earn more profits.

⭐ Organisation change is make alteration in present condition due to internal and external forces .

⭐ Change are of two types 1) Proactive 2) Reactive.

⭐Change is never ending process.

⭐Change is directive and participative.

Environment Analysis..

 Environment Analysis...

                           

Every business runs in environment and every business success & failure also depends upon its environment. Environment means internal and external factors, which directly and indirectly affects business.In Internal factors (management,labour , organization policies ,rules,skill of labours)are included &in external factors (social, political,legal,technological , economic &geographical) factors are included.

                 Environment Analysis is the process of study the internal and external factors where the business is run is studied and what it's impact on the organisation.

                     

Environment Analysis

            In Environment Analysis systematic data is collected and then these data are analysed after analysis these data we come to know what are the available opportunities and what are the threats in environment. Through this analysis manager come to bknow the available opportunities so that he take decision according to that take benefit and he also come to know the threats (danger points ) which affects business negatively so manager become alert and save their business from such threats .No business can get success without analysis his environment where his business run .

           In Internal environment Analysis we analysis the SWOT it includes (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities & Threats).With the SWOT analysis businessmen come to the what are the strengh of business it means what are its plus point in business ,and also come to know Weakness means what is weakness of his business which is hurdle in his success.

             In External Environment Analysis we analysis the PESTLE it means (political,Economical, Social, Technological, legal).In this each factor is deeply analysis and study how and how much these affects business.

Environment Analysis also helps in making strategy (to win over competitors).We make planning to win over the competition in business.

     Through Environment Analysis businessmen come to know the taste, preferences of consumers and produce goods accordingly.Through environment analysis we come to know Government attitude towards business means Government policies,tax rates laws etc ,In social Analysis we come to know the customs ,traditions,festivals which society had to follow so he make product accordingly.

         Thus Environment Analysis examine the internal and external forces of the organisation.In internal components we come to know the strengh & weakness of our organisation and in external forces we come to know what are the opportunities and threats outside the business..

https://commerceclasses86.blogspot.com/2020/08/business-environment.html?m=1

"Scarce goods attract prices"

 "Scarce good attract prices"

Scarce goods are those goods whose supply is limited and demand is very high , consumer have to pay more money to get them."Scarce goods attract price " due to these reasons:-

😊 Production of scarce goods are limited.

😊 Demand is very high.

😊 Distribution system is poor.

Scarce goods like coal,water, fresh air is produced in limited quantity, oxygen etc.

1) Country exports resources to other countries to earn foreign currency so there is scarcity arises in our country.

2) Highly increase in population but our resources are limited to fulfill the needs of people,so there is scarcity arises.

3)Air is available abundantly but fresh air is scarce due to population.

4)At the time of pandemic (Corona virus) there is shortage of oxygen, demand of oxygen is everywhere so oxygen is scarce,so oxygen is provided at very high prices.

             

Scarcity of Oxygen

5)Poor distribution of resources also arise scarcity of resources.Due to poor distribution traders hide resources to create artificial scarcity and charge high prices.

6)At the time of pandemic Corona vaccine is not enough for each individual to be vaccinated this is scarcity.

7) Depletion of forest arise the scarcity of wood in order to built new houses furniture.

8) Wastage of water unnecessary or increase in population there is scarcity of pure water arises.

9)Land is scarce because this is available in limited quantity so land have very high prices.

10) Labour is available abundantly but skillfully,educated labour is limited,so labour is scarce.

       Due to highly increasing in population resources are depleted fastly and trees cut so there is scarcity arises due to limited quantity because scarce resources cannot fulfill the needs of all the people So "Scarce goods attract price".



  "दुर्लभ वस्तुएं कीमतों को आकर्षित करती हैं"

  दुर्लभ वस्तुएँ वे वस्तुएँ होती हैं जिनकी आपूर्ति सीमित होती है और माँग बहुत अधिक होती है, उन्हें प्राप्त करने के लिए उपभोक्ता को अधिक धन देना पड़ता है। दुर्लभ वस्तुएँ इन कारणों से कीमत आकर्षित करती हैं:

 😊 दुर्लभ वस्तुओं का उत्पादन सीमित है।

  😊मांग बहुत अधिक है।

😊  वितरण प्रणाली खराब है।

  😊कोयला, पानी, ताजी हवा जैसी दुर्लभ वस्तुओं का उत्पादन सीमित मात्रा में, ऑक्सीजन आदि में होता है।

  1) देश विदेशी मुद्रा अर्जित करने के लिए अन्य देशों को संसाधनों का निर्यात करता है इसलिए हमारे देश में कमी पैदा होती है।

  2) जनसंख्या में अत्यधिक वृद्धि लेकिन हमारे संसाधन लोगों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए सीमित हैं, इसलिए कमी पैदा होती है।

  3) हवा प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध है लेकिन आबादी के कारण ताजी हवा दुर्लभ है।

  4) महामारी (कोरोना वायरस) के समय ऑक्सीजन की कमी है, ऑक्सीजन की मांग हर जगह है इसलिए ऑक्सीजन की कमी है, इसलिए बहुत अधिक कीमतों पर ऑक्सीजन प्रदान की जाती है।

  ऑक्सीजन की कमी

  5) संसाधनों का खराब वितरण भी संसाधनों की कमी पैदा करता है। खराब वितरण के कारण व्यापारी कृत्रिम कमी पैदा करने और उच्च कीमत वसूलने के लिए संसाधनों को छिपाते हैं।

  ६) महामारी के समय प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को टीका लगवाने के लिए कोरोना वैक्सीन पर्याप्त नहीं है, यह कमी है।

  7) नए घरों के फर्नीचर के निर्माण के लिए जंगल की कमी लकड़ी की कमी पैदा करती है।

  8) पानी की अनावश्यक बर्बादी या आबादी बढ़ने से शुद्ध पानी की कमी हो जाती है।

  9) भूमि दुर्लभ है क्योंकि यह सीमित मात्रा में उपलब्ध है इसलिए भूमि की कीमत बहुत अधिक है।

  १०) श्रम प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध है लेकिन कुशलता से, शिक्षित श्रम सीमित है, इसलिए श्रम दुर्लभ है।

  जनसंख्या में अत्यधिक वृद्धि के कारण संसाधन तेजी से समाप्त हो जाते हैं और पेड़ कट जाते हैं इसलिए सीमित मात्रा के कारण कमी उत्पन्न होती है क्योंकि डरावने संसाधन सभी लोगों की जरूरतों को पूरा नहीं कर सकते हैं इसलिए "दुर्लभ सामान कीमत को आकर्षित करते हैं"

Techniques of planning..

 Planning is decided in advance what is to be done in future.In planning management doing overall planning for eg- how much raw material is required,how much capital is required,how much labour is required etc.. For doing planning manager use planning techniques these are...

1) Forecasting.

2) Budgets.

3) Break- Even Analysis.

4) Linear Programming.

5) Waiting line.

6) Network techniques: PERT/CPM.

7) Theory of Probability.

               

Techniques of planning

          Techniques of planning..

1) Forecasting -Forecasting is predicts the future events in present.It is the most important technique of planning, through forecasting we predicts the future.Manager predicts what is likely to be happen in future,so they will prepare according to that and make plan accordingly.

     Forecasting provide base for making planning and make plan for materials, personnel and other requirements.Forecasting is base on guess work and past & present conditions.Manager continuously monitor the environment before forecasting is done.Forecasting can be perform into two categories:-a) Quantitative b) Qualitative.

a) Quantitative forecasting- When the forecasting is perform on basis of past data &figures is called Quantitative forecasting.

b) Qualitative Forecasting- When the forecasting is perform on the basis of judgement and knowledge of people is called Qualitative Forecasting.

                             

Forecasting..

2) Budgets-Budgets is also for planning.In budget we showing the expected expenses and expected incomes of future through we come to know how much we spend in various resources and and how much expected capital expenditure and how much expected income in future . Manager make planning according to the budget.

3) Break-Even Analysis-It is widely used technique in planning.Through Break-Even Analysis we come to know how much units to be sold to cover the costs.Break -Even point is that point in which we come to know where the total costs equals to the total revenue.

Break-Even Analysis helps in planning in such a way..

*Through BEP we make planning how much units should we sold to cover costs.

*BEP helps in fix the price of units.

4) Network technique PERT/CPM -PERT /CPM are also Network techniques which is useful in planning, decision making and controlling.PERT  is Programming Evaluation and Review Technique and CPM is Critical Path Method.Through PERT technique every project is evaluated like what are the activities needed to complete the project.Its sequence of activities in project,how much cost and time associated in each activity and what are the expected obstacles in the project.Manager also monitor progress of the project.

VPM-Critical path method technique is used to Analysis the time of project .This technique helps in identify critical and non- critical tasks and avoid risks.

5) Queuing Theory-Queue - A line of people awaiting for their turn . Queuing theory is the mathematical study of queue .This technique provides badis of decision making about the resources needed to provide services.Queuing Theory helps in planning in this way👇

 1)To find out the cost of offering the service.

2) To find out the cost incurred due to delay in offering the service

3)To allocate the resources.

6) Theory of Probability-Theory of probability also helps in planning and decision making.Through this techniques managers use statistics to know the probability of risk in future plan and according to that probability make pattern of future plan.

Read this article of Planning..

https://commerceclasses86.blogspot.com/2020/08/financial-planning.html

https://commerceclasses86.blogspot.com/2020/05/planning-process.html

https://commerceclasses86.blogspot.com/2020/05/business-planning.html

Communication Network techniques..

           

Communication Network techniques

Communication Network means pattern of communication which exists in organisation, pattern of communication depends upon need of organisation & attitude of superior towards subordinates.

1) Chain Network- Chain Network communication is one in which communication flow in a vertical line.It is usually two way communication.In this network communication flow from top to bottom and bottom to top in vertical line.In this network one cannot directly contact with other.

                     

Chain Network

2) Circular Network-Circular Network is that network in which communication flow in a circular way.In this network communication pass through immediate right or left person not any other person.According to figure A can communicate with B and E not C.B can communicate with C and A.etc.In this network communication flow in circular form.

                

Circular Network

3)Wheel Network or Star Network-Wheel or Star Network is that network in which organisation do not communicate directly.they communicate with one superior or manager, Manager act as a central hub of the wheel.for eg- D can  communicate with B with the help of central hub they can not communicate directly ,A can communicate with C with the help of central hub (manager or supperier)..

                

Wheel or Star Network.

4) Free Flow or decentralised Network-In this network communication flow freely,there is no        restriction on the flow of communication.Members can communicate any other member freely.This is informal Network which not flow in formal lines .

Formal &Informal Communication 

Formal Communication
Formal Communication is that communication Network in which communication flow in formally established channels.In formal Communication communication travels in lines of authority like top to bottom & bottom to top.it is established by the Management and whole organisation must follow this formal chain in communication.

Informal Communication

Informal Communication
 Communication is that communication network which is not flow in formally established lines .it is not regulated by the formal rules and procedures.it is flow in any direction it is not establish by management.it is establish by the nature of people to socialise and communicate with others like Grapevine